Questions and Answers

1) Tell me the windows Boot process?

Preboot and Boot Sequences

On Intel-based systems, the boot process is made up of a preboot sequence and boot sequence. The preboot sequence consists of the following steps:

1.Power-On Self Tests (POST) are run.

2.The boot device is found, the Master Boot Record (MBR) is loaded into memory, and its program is run.

3.The active partition is located, and the boot sector is loaded.

4.The Windows 2000 loader (NTLDR) is then loaded.

The boot sequence executes the following steps:

1.The Windows 2000 loader switches the processor to the 32-bit flat memory model.

2.The Windows 2000 loader starts a mini-file system.

3.The Windows 2000 loader reads the BOOT.INI file and displays the operating system selections (boot loader menu).

4.The Windows 2000 loader loads the operating system selected by the user. If Windows 2000 is selected, NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM. For other operating systems, NTLDR loads BOOTSECT.DOS and gives it control.

5.NTDETECT.COM scans the hardware installed in the computer, and reports the list to NTLDR for inclusion in the Registry under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE_HARDWARE hive.

6.NTLDR then loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE, and gives it the hardware information collected by NTDETECT.COM. Windows NT enters the Windows load phases.

Windows 2000 Load Phases

When the Windows 2000 loader gives control to the Windows 2000 kernel, the Windows 2000 load phases are started. These phases are the kernel load phase, the kernel initialization phase, the services load phase, and the Windows subsystem start phase.

Kernel Load Phase

The Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) is loaded, and the system hive is loaded and scanned for device driver services that should be loaded at this step.

Kernel Initialization Phase

This phase initializes the kernel and the drivers that were loaded in the previous phase. The system hive is again scanned to determine which high-level drivers should be loaded. These drivers are then initialized and loaded after the kernel has been initialized. The Registry hardware list is then created by using the information collected by NTDETECT.COM (on Intel-based systems) and OSLOADER.EXE (on RISC systems).

Services Load Phases

This phase starts the session manager (SMSS.EXE), which reads the list of programs that must be started. Usually, programs such as CHKDSK are executed at this step. Then, the paging file is set up, and the Win2 subsystem is started.

Windows Subsystem Start Phase

When the Win32 subsystem starts, it automatically starts WINLOGON.EXE, which starts the Local Security Authority (LSASS.EXE) and displays the Ctrl+Alt+Del logon dialog box. Then, the Service Controller (SCREG.EXE) is run. It goes through the Registry and looks for services that must be loaded automatically. The boot is considered finished when a user can log on.

2) Tell me How many Layers is available? What are they?

The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.

Application (Layer 7)	This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
Presentation (Layer 6)	This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Session (Layer 5)	This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Transport (Layer 4)	This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Network (Layer 3)	This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Data Link (Layer 2)	At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
Physical (Layer 1)	This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer

3) Tell me IP classes ?

There are five IP classes plus certain special addresses:

· Default Network - The IP address of 0.0.0.0 is used for the default network.

· Class A - This class is for very large networks, such as a major international company might have. IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are part of this class. The other three octets are used to identify each host. This means that there are 126 Class A networks each with 16,777,214 (2²⁴ -2) possible hosts for a total of 2,147,483,648 (2³¹) unique IP addresses. Class A networks account for half of the total available IP addresses. In Class A networks, the high order bit value (the very first binary number) in the first octet is always 0.

Net	Host or Node
115.	24.53.107

· Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address. This means that it is used by the host computer to send a message back to itself. It is commonly used for troubleshooting and network testing.

· Class B - Class B is used for medium-sized networks. A good example is a large college campus. IP addresses with a first octet from 128 to 191 are part of this class. Class B addresses also include the second octet as part of the Net identifier. The other two octets are used to identify each host. This means that there are 16,384 (2¹⁴) Class B networks each with 65,534 (2¹⁶ -2) possible hosts for a total of 1,073,741,824 (2³⁰) unique IP addresses. Class B networks make up a quarter of the total available IP addresses. Class B networks have a first bit value of 1 and a second bit value of 0 in the first octet.

Net	Host or Node
145.24.	53.107

· Class C - Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this class. Class C addresses also include the second and third octets as part of the Net identifier. The last octet is used to identify each host. This means that there are 2,097,152 (2²¹) Class C networks each with 254 (2⁸ -2) possible hosts for a total of 536,870,912 (2²⁹) unique IP addresses. Class C networks make up an eighth of the total available IP addresses. Class C networks have a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1 and a third bit value of 0 in the first octet.

Net	Host or Node
195.24.53.	107

· Class D - Used for multicasts, Class D is slightly different from the first three classes. It has a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 0. The other 28 bits are used to identify the group of computers the multicast message is intended for. Class D accounts for 1/16^th (268,435,456 or 2²⁸) of the available IP addresses.

Net	Host or Node
224.	24.53.107

· Class E - Class E is used for experimental purposes only. Like Class D, it is different from the first three classes. It has a first bit value of 1, second bit value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 1. The other 28 bits are used to identify the group of computers the multicast message is intended for. Class E accounts for 1/16^th (268,435,456 or 2²⁸) of the available IP addresses.

Net	Host or Node
240.	24.53.107

· Broadcast - Messages that are intended for all computers on a network are sent as broadcasts. These messages always use the IP address 255.255.255.255.

4) ARP?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate physical network card addresses (MAC addresses) with IP addresses.
• Encapsulation of ARP message in a physical frame

5) Types of Backup?

The Basic Types of Backup

There are many techniques for backing up files. The techniques you use will depend on the type of data you're backing up, how convenient you want the recovery process to be, and more.

If you view the properties of a file or directory in Windows Explorer, you'll note an attribute called Archive. This attribute often is used to determine whether a file or directory should be backed up. If the attribute is on, the file or directory may need to be backed up. The basic types of backups you can perform include

•	Normal/full backups All files that have been selected are backed up, regardless of the setting of the archive attribute. When a file is backed up, the archive attribute is cleared. If the file is later modified, this attribute is set, which indicates that the file needs to be backed up.
•	Copy backups All files that have been selected are backed up, regardless of the setting of the archive attribute. Unlike a normal backup, the archive attribute on files isn't modified. This allows you to perform other types of backups on the files at a later date.
•	Differential backups Designed to create backup copies of files that have changed since the last normal backup. The presence of the archive attribute indicates that the file has been modified and only files with this attribute are backed up. However, the archive attribute on files isn't modified. This allows you to perform other types of backups on the files at a later date.
•	Incremental backups Designed to create backups of files that have changed since the most recent normal or incremental backup. The presence of the archive attribute indicates that the file has been modified and only files with this attribute are backed up. When a file is backed up, the archive attribute is cleared. If the file is later modified, this attribute is set, which indicates that the file needs to be backed up.
•	Daily backups Designed to back up files using the modification date on the file itself. If a file has been modified on the same day as the backup, the file will be backed up. This technique doesn't change the archive attributes of files.

6) What is Difference between Windows NT and Windows 2000 and Windows 2003?.

Even though Windows 2000 is built on the Windows NT architecture, Microsoft has added many new features (Plug and Play, USB support, Recovery Console, IntelliMirror, Group Policy, Active Directory, integration of IIS and Terminal Services) and redesigned many of the management tools (MMC, Disk Administration, ADSI).

What are the differences between Windows 2000 Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and DataCenter?

Windows 2000 comes in several versions. Windows 2000 Professional is a desktop operating system for workstations designed to replace Windows NT Workstation and Windows 95/98 in corporate environments. It can support 2 processors, as well as multiple monitors. Windows 2000 Server supports 4 processors and is designed to fill the role of typical domain controller, file and print server, application server, and other common tasks. Windows 2000 Advanced Server is designed for high end mission critical platforms, supports 8 processors, and includes support for 2 way server clustering. Windows 2000 DataCenter Server goes even further than Advanced Server in that it can support up to 32 processors, cascading failover among 4 nodes, and 32 node network load balancing.

Microsoft® Windows® Server 2003	IT Benefit	Business Benefit	Feature in Windows Server 2003	Feature in Windows® 2000 Server
64-bit processor support - Allows OS to take advantage of the latest 64-bit hardware to increase scale up.	Greater system scalability	Allows consolidation of servers, saving costs	NEW	-
Active Directory®: Domain Rename – This feature supports changing the Domain Name System (DNS) and/or NetBIOS names of existing domains in a forest such that the resulting forest is still “well formed.”	Admins have greater flexibility in changing Active Directory structure after it is deployed. Design decisions are now reversible	Organizational flexibility	NEW	-
Automated System Recovery – A new feature in Windows Server 2003, Automated System Recovery (ASR) improves productivity by enabling a one-step restore of operating system, system state, and hardware configuration in disaster recovery situations.	Makes rebuilding a server much easier since no actual software has to be reloaded. This makes the process much faster	Downtime reduced	NEW	-
Geo-cluster support – This provides increased flexibility of adding and removing hardware in a geographically dispersed cluster environment as well as providing improved scaling options for applications.	Admins can deploy clusters that are geographically dispersed	Protects information with disaster recovery scenario	NEW	-
Headless Server – Allows operation of a server without a monitor, keyboard or mouse.	Allows server farms and blades to be deployed more easily	Lower capital equipment costs	NEW	-
Hot add RAM – Hot Add Memory allows ranges of memory to be added to a computer and be made available to the Operating System and applications as part of the normal memory pool. This will not require rebooting the computer and involves no downtime.	With the hot add memory feature, service performance can be increased without service interruption	Lower downtime, reduced costs	NEW	-
Hot plug PCI – This feature will support OEMs who implement Hot Plug via Advanced Configuration & Power Interface (ACPI) 1.0b mechanisms.	An IT administrator will be able to utilize Hot Plug PCI to replace, add, and remove devices without scheduling downtime	Lower downtime, reduced costs	NEW	-
Memory Mirroring – Memory mirroring provides the ability to take snapshots of independent memory subsystems in a Fault Tolerant set of computer systems so they can have the same replicated memory.	Reduces System Downtime due to Hardware (Memory) failures	Lower downtime, reduced costs	NEW	-
Microsoft Software Update Services (MSUS) – MSUS is a staging mechanism so that critical OS updates can be hosted on internal network servers for staging purposes rather than having each server contact Microsoft over the internet.	Test and insure that new patches don’t adversely effect systems; patch more frequently, avoiding potential problems	Cost savings	NEW	-
NUMA Support – Support Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) in multi-processor systems provides greater performance and scalability.	Better performance and scalability	Existing servers can do more work, or the same work can be done by fewer servers, leading to lower costs	NEW	-
Print cluster support – A new feature in Windows Server 2003, Print Cluster support improves productivity by making it easier to install print drivers on server clusters. When installing a printer driver on a virtual cluster, Windows Server 2003 automatically propagates the driver to all nodes of the cluster.	Simplifies print configuration for clusters making administration easier	Better use of IT resources	NEW	-
SAN-aware clustering – This feature allows all server storage to be centralized into a SAN including boot, pagefile and system disks using a single or multiple redundant HBAs.	Allows admins to leverage SANs and integrate clusters	Leverages existing investments	NEW	-
Volume Shadowcopy Service (VSS) – A Volume Shadow Copy of a storage volume is a point-in-time copy of the original entity. The Volume Shadow Copy is typically used by a backup application so that it can backup files that are made to appear static, even though they are really changing.	Allows much easier data management, especially for open file backups	Cost savings due to better data management	NEW	-
IIS locked by default – IIS ships in a default locked state; easy to use tools are provided to help Web admins enable required services.	Makes the system more secure; lowers the probability of attack; uptime	Cost savings	NEW	-

7) How to create ERD for Windows ?

To create a Microsoft Windows NT ERD follow the below steps.

1. Insert a blank floppy disk into the computer.
2. Click Start and Run
3. In the Run window type RDISK /S and press Enter
4. Run through the wizard to complete the process of making the ERD.
5. Once completed, remove the floppy diskette, label the diskette and indicate the date made, and make a note of which version of Windows NT (with any service packs) the disk was created under.

Windows 2000 users

To create a Microsoft Windows 2000 ERD follow the below steps.

1. Insert a blank floppy disk into the computer.
2. Click Start
3. Click Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and then Backup.
4. In the backup window click Tools and then Create an Emergency Repair Disk.
5. Run through the wizard to complete the process of making the ERD.
6. Once completed, remove the floppy diskette, label the diskette and indicate the date made, and make a note of which version of Windows 2000 (with any service packs) the disk was created under.

8) In Windows NT what is the PDC and BDC Role ?

No BDCs in Windows 2000. BDCs only in Windows NT-Line OSes.

The Primary Domain Controller (PDC) is responsible for several tasks within the domain. These include:

· Authenticating user logons for users and workstations that are members of the domain

· Acting as a centralized point for managing user account and group information for the domain

· A user logged on to the Primary Domain Controller (PDC) as the domain administrator can add, remove or modify Windows domain account information on any machine that is part of the domain

BDC support provides the following benefits to the customer:

· The BDC can authenticate user logons for users and workstations that are members of the domain when the wide area network link to a PDC is down. A BDC plays an important role in both domain seurity and network integrity.

· The BDC can pick up network logon requests and authenticate users while the PDC is very busy on the local network. It can help to add robustnees to network services.

· The BDC can be promoted to a PDC if the PDC needs to be taken out of services or fails. This is an important feature of domain controller management. To promote a BDC to a PDC on the HP CIFS Server, change the domain master parameter from "no" to "yes".

9) In windows 2000 PDC and BDC is using ?

No BDCs in Windows 2000. BDCs only in Windows NT-Line OSes.

10) What is Active Directory?

11) Tell me briefly about the FSMO Role in windows 2000 and Windows 2003 Server.

Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) Roles

In a forest, there are at least five FSMO roles that are assigned to one or more domain controllers. The five FSMO roles are:

•	Schema Master: The schema master domain controller controls all updates and modifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have access to the schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest.
•	Domain naming master: The domain naming master domain controller controls the addition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain naming master in the whole forest.
•	Infrastructure Master: The infrastructure is responsible for updating references from objects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain.
•	Relative ID (RID) Master: The RID master is responsible for processing RID pool requests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain.
•	PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as the primary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domain controllers that are running earlier versions of Windows. For example, if the domain contains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional or Microsoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NT backup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC. It is also the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master in each domain in the forest.

You can transfer FSMO roles by using the Ntdsutil.exe command-line utility or by using an MMC snap-in tool. Depending on the FSMO role that you want to transfer, you can use one of the following three MMC snap-in tools:

Active Directory Schema snap-in
Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap-in
Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in

If a computer no longer exists, the role must be seized. To seize a role, use the Ntdsutil.exe utility.

12) What is global catalog server ?

•

The global catalog is a distributed data repository that contains a searchable, partial representation of every object in every domain in a multidomain Active Directory forest. The global catalog is stored on domain controllers that have been designated as global catalog servers and is distributed through multimaster replication. Searches that are directed to the global catalog are faster because they do not involve referrals to different domain controllers.

In addition to configuration and schema directory partition replicas, every domain controller in a Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 forest stores a full, writable replica of a single domain directory partition. Therefore, a domain controller can locate only the objects in its domain. Locating an object in a different domain would require the user or application to provide the domain of the requested object.

The global catalog provides the ability to locate objects from any domain without having to know the domain name. A global catalog server is a domain controller that, in addition to its full, writable domain directory partition replica, also stores a partial, read-only replica of all other domain directory partitions in the forest. The additional domain directory partitions are partial because only a limited set of attributes is included for each object. By including only the attributes that are most used for searching, every object in every domain in even the largest forest can be represented in the database of a single global catalog server.

Note

•	A global catalog server can also store a full, writable replica of an application directory partition, but objects in application directory partitions are not replicated to the global catalog as partial, read-only directory partitions.

Common Global Catalog Scenarios

The following events require a global catalog server:

•	Forestwide searches. The global catalog provides a resource for searching an Active Directory forest. Forestwide searches are identified by the LDAP port that they use. If the search query uses port 3268, the query is sent to a global catalog server.
•	User logon. In a forest that has more than one domain, two conditions require the global catalog during user authentication: • In a Windows 2000 native mode domain or a Windows Server 2003 domain at either the Windows 2000 native or Windows Server 2003 domain functional level, domain controllers must request universal group membership enumeration from a global catalog server. • When a user principal name (UPN) is used at logon and the forest has more than one domain, a global catalog server is required to resolve the name.
•	Universal Group Membership Caching: In a forest that has more than one domain, in sites that have domain users but no global catalog server, Universal Group Membership Caching can be used to enable caching of logon credentials so that the global catalog does not have to be contacted for subsequent user logons. This feature eliminates the need to retrieve universal group memberships across a WAN link from a global catalog server in a different site. Note: Universal groups are available only in a Windows 2000 Server native mode domain or a Windows Server 2003 domain at either the Windows 2000 native or Windows Server 2003 domain functional level.
•	Exchange Address Book lookups. Servers running Microsoft Exchange 2000 Server and Exchange Server 2003 rely on access to the global catalog for address information. Users use global catalog servers to access the global address list (GAL).

•	In a Windows 2000 native mode domain or a Windows Server 2003 domain at either the Windows 2000 native or Windows Server 2003 domain functional level, domain controllers must request universal group membership enumeration from a global catalog server.
•	When a user principal name (UPN) is used at logon and the forest has more than one domain, a global catalog server is required to resolve the name.

1) Is it possible we can rename the domain name in 2003?. If so please explain.

Yes you can, by using the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Domain Rename Tools.

The Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Domain Rename Tools provide a secure and supported methodology to rename one or more domains (as well as application directory partitions) in a deployed Active Directory forest. The DNS name and/or the NetBIOS name of a domain can be changed using the domain rename procedure.

2) Is it possible to rename the domain name in windows 2000 server ? if So how ?

To rename a domain controller in a domain that contains a single domain controller:

1.	Install a second Windows 2000 server in the same domain with the server that you want to rename.
2.	Promote this second server to a domain controller either by using the Configure Your Server Wizard or by running the dcpromo.exe command.
3.	Use either the appropriate MMC or the Ntdsutil.exe utility to make the second server a global catalog server and move all of the operations master roles to the second server. For additional information, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 255504 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/255504/EN-US/) Using Ntdsutil.exe to Seize or Transfer FSMO Roles to a Domain Controller You need to "transfer" the roles; do not seize the roles. See the Help file that is included with the Active Directory Sites and Services MMC for instructions about how to assign global catalog responsibilities.
4.	Before you continue, verify that the new domain controller is functioning correctly. Verify authentications and global catalog searches, run the Dcdiag.exe utility against the domain controller, and perform any other appropriate test to verify that the new domain controller will be able to provide all of the domain functions after you remove the original domain controller from the domain. It is also important that you verify that the \sysvol and \netlogon drives are shared on the new domain controller. Run the following command from a command prompt on the new domain controller's console: net share Verify the existence of Sysvol and Netlogon in the list that is generated.
5.	Click Start, click Run, and then type dcpromo.exe to demote the domain controller that you want to rename to a member server.
6.	Rename the computer; in System Properties, click the Network Identification tab, change the computer name, and then follow the instructions to restart the server.
7.	Either use the Configure Your Server Wizard or run the dcpromo.exe command to promote the member server back to domain controller status.
8.	Reconfigure all of the operations master roles and the global catalog as necessary.

3) What is A record?

Address record, associates a host name to an IP address. Used in forward lookups

4) What is PTR record?

Pointer record, associates an IP address with a host name. Used in reverse lookups

5) What is MX record?

Mail exchange record, specifies the mail server for the domain

6) What is difference between in WINS and DNS?

DNS - Domain Name Service resolves FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Names) eg. yap.ee.com to IP addresses eg. 10.0.0.2 and vice versa ie. IP Addresses to domain names while

WINS - Windows Internet Naming System resolves hostnames eg. COMPUTER001 to its IP adresses and vice versa.

WINS was included in Windows 2000 for backward compatibility but microsoft encourages DNS on private networks for easy integration with the internet

The Domain Name System is a distributed hierarchical database of

   names. A DNS server updates the DNS database and responds to the

   queries addressed to it. Similar to the DNS server, the Windows

   Internet Naming Service (WINS) provides support for registering in

   and querying a database that contains mapping of the NetBIOS

   names to the IP addresses. WINS protocol is based and fully

   compatible with the protocols defined for NBNS [NBNS]. WINS Lookup is

   a system that provides a limited gateway between the Domain Name

   System and the Windows Internet Name System. Using WINS Lookup, a DNS

   server can resolve A and PTR type queries for names registered in

   WINS. This document describes the WINS Lookup system and the format

   of the WINS and WINSR resource records. WINS lookup allows clients

   that are DNS-aware but WINS-unaware (hereafter referred to as

   "DNS-only" clients) to resolve the names of hosts registered with

   WINS.

   Although DNS [RFC 1034] may seem similar to WINS, there are

   differences between them. The main difference is that DNS has the

   concept of hierarchy, which allows the administration and replication

   of the database to be broken up into zones. WINS supports a flat name

   space, without the concept of hierarchy and requires each WINS server

   to maintain a complete database of entries through replication.

   The DNS and WINS servers provide complementary name resolution

   services in the mixed environment of the DNS- and WINS-aware clients.

   WINS-aware (but DNS-unaware) clients (hereafter referred to as

   "WINS-only" clients) register their names with the WINS servers (not

   DNS servers). The "DNS-only" clients that need to resolve the names

   registered only with WINS servers will not be able to find these

   names in the DNS database.  WINS lookup allows these "DNS-only"

   clients to resolve the names of "WINS-only" clients, by advising the

   DNS server to submit unresolved queries to WINS servers.

7) Where is DNS database is stored?.

DNS zone database is stored in C:\Windows\System32\DNS

8) Tell me about the DHCP server?

DHCP is a protocol used by networked computers (clients) to obtain unique IP addresses, and other parameters such as default router, subnet mask, and IP addresses for DNS servers from a DHCP server. This protocol is used when computers are added to a network because these settings are necessary for the host to participate in the network. This setting is periodically refreshed (it expires, meaning the client must obtain another assignment) with typical intervals ranging from one hour to several months, and can, if desired, be set to infinite (never expire). The length of time the address is available to the device it was assigned to is called a lease, and is determined by the server.

The DHCP server ensures that all IP addresses are unique, that is, no IP address is assigned to a second client while the first client's assignment is valid (its lease has not expired). Thus IP address pool management is done by the server and not by a human network administrator.

9) If one user is using LAPTOP .he will be always in tour . The user has come back after 1month. Is the user will get the same Ip from the DHCP server.

10) What is the default Period will set for the DHCP server?

By default DHCP is installed with a three day lease period.

11) Where is DHCP database is stored?

\WINNTROOT\System32\Dhcp\Backup\Jet

12) What is the Difference between SCSI and IDE disk.

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) was the standard electronic interface used between a computer's motherboard and its disk device(s). IDE managed the flow of data to and from the disk, known as the "data paths".

Past tense is used because IDE was replaced with EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics). The limitation of IDE was that it could not manage hard drives with storage capacities of more than 528 megabytes. EIDE brought with it faster access to your disk and the ability to manage additional drives (hard disks, CD-ROM drives, or tape drives).

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) allows personal computers to communicate with all types of hardware such as disk drives, CD-ROM drives,tape drives, printers, and scanners faster and with more flexibility than EIDE. Devised by Apple Computer, SCSI is standard in Macintosh products. SCSI ports, however, are built into most high-end PCs and the interface is supported by the major operating systems. Unlike EIDE, SCSI is an evolving interface that is increasing the speed at which data can be transferred between devices. The important benefit of SCSI is not in boosting the performance of a single piece of hardware, but in moving data between devices more quickly than with EIDE. SCSI manages data flow so that devices which are not active do not take up resources.

13) Which path is Active Directory database is there?.

Windows 2000 Active Directory data store, the actual database file, is %SystemRoot%\ntds\NTDS.DIT. The ntds.dit file is the heart of Active Directory including user accounts. Active Directory's database engine is the Extensible Storage Engine ( ESE ) which is based on the Jet database used by Exchange 5.5 and WINS

14) What is the active directory database name?

NTDS.DIT

15) Beep Codes ?

THE POST TEST

Each time the computer boots up the computer must past the POST. Below is the common procedure of the POST:

1.	The first step of POST is the testing of the Power Supply to ensure that it is turned on and that it releases its reset signal.
2.	CPU must exit the reset status mode and thereafter be able to execute instructions.
3.	BIOS must be readable.
4.	BIOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.
5.	CMOS be accessible for reading.
6.	CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.
7.	CPU must be able to read all forms of memory such as the memory controller, memory bus, and memory module.
8.	The first 64KB of memory must be operational and have the capability to be read and written to and from, and capable of containing the POST code.
9.	I/O bus / controller must be accessible.
10.	I/O bus must be able to write / read from the video subsystem and be able to read all video RAM..

If the computer does not pass any of the above tests, your computer will receive an irregular POST. An irregular POST is a beep code which is different from the standard, which can be either no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps indicating what is causing the computer not to past the POST.

AMI BIOS BEEP CODES

Below are the AMI BIOS Beep codes that can occur. However, because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes may vary.

Beep Code	Descriptions
1 short	DRAM refresh failure
2 short	Parity circuit failure
3 short	Base 64K RAM failure
4 short	System timer failure
5 short	Process failure
6 short	Keyboard controller Gate A20 error
7 short	Virtual mode exception error
8 short	Display memory Read/Write test failure
9 short	ROM BIOS checksum failure
10 short	CMOS shutdown Read/Write error
11 short	Cache Memory error
1 long, 3 short	Conventional/Extended memory failure
1 long, 8 short	Display/Retrace test failed

AWARD BIOS BEEP CODES

Below are Award BIOS Beep codes that can occur. However, because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes may vary.

Beep Code	Description
1 long, 2 short	Indicates a video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot initialize the video screen to display any additional information
Any other beep(s)	RAM problem.

If any other correctable hardware issues, the BIOS will display a message.